Wall and method of constructing a wall comprising first, second, and end modules and a connection means for tying adjoining modules together in tension

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a method of construction of a wall ( 40 ) from first, second and end modules ( 10, 20, 30 ) each forming part of the wall. The method includes assembly of two modules being first, end or first and end modules ( 10, 30 ) having portions forming part of the wall ( 40 ) by aligning these modules ( 10 ) in a desired alignment and connecting them together with connection means ( 50 ) to form a supporting structure ( 200 ) for second modules ( 20 ). The connection means ( 50 ) has a tie portion ( 51 ) generally extending in the direction of the alignment. The tie portion ( 51 ) has a portion corresponding with connection portions ( 26 ) of a second module ( 20 ) and cooperation of the corresponding tie portion ( 58 ), extending between guides ( 56 ) formed as part of the tie portion ( 51 ), with the connection portions ( 26 ) connects the second module ( 20 ) to the supporting structure ( 200 ). In such manner, a portion of a wall ( 40 ) may be constructed. Use of mortar of scaffolding and concrete pouring techniques may thus be avoided in construction of a structure.

This application claims the priority of PCT/AU98/00652, filed Aug. 19,1998, which in turn claims the priority of Australian patent applicationnumbers PO8647 filed Aug. 19, 1997, PP1067 filed Dec. 19, 1997, andPP3966 filed Jun. 9, 1998, all of which are incorporated herein byreference.

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a system or method for the modularconstruction of walls of the type used in the building industrygenerally and in the housing industry in particular. The system ormethod is suitable for construction of both load and non-load bearingwalls. The system is called the STRONGWALL™ construction system.

2. Background to the Invention

Structural walls, as generally used in the building and housingindustries, fall into one of the following categories, being blockworkconstruction; in situ concrete, or similar curing material;prefabricated panels, requiring a secondary process, such aspost-tensioning, or on site bolting.

Brickwork or blockwork wall construction requires the slow, labourintensive process of mortaring each joint, maintaining strict disciplineto, horizontal and vertical alignments and requires scaffolding forlifts greater than 1.8 metres, increasing cost and slowing construction.This category is greatly affected by the weather.

Clad framework is also labour intensive whether the framework isfabricated from steel, timber or other material. Modern constructiontools, fasteners and equipment needs to be employed. It is also greatlyaffected by weather conditions.

In situ concrete wall construction is similarly labour intensive,requiring teams to construct formwork, place reinforcement erectscaffolding, propping and shoring; and then pour the concrete. Theforming, placing and curing time create extra costs and lengthyconstruction time. Any errors in the process necessitate expensiveremedies and long delays and, again, the process is greatly affected byweather conditions.

Prefabricated panels relieve many of the problems associated with theprevious methods, by substantially reducing time on site, and confiningmuch of the labor intensive work of fabrication to an efficient factoryenvironment. However, to make such a system cost effective, the panelsneed to be of such a scale that cranes are required in the factory andon site to move and place the panels, and methods of connection andalignment become secondary processes that add to the cost ofconstruction.

In each of the prior art methods of construction, a high degree ofdirect supervision and/or a highly skilled work force is required toefficiently and safely construct a wall of acceptable quality andstandard.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is the object of the present invention to provide a fast andeconomical system or method of construction of a wall that reduces thedependency on. skilled labour; cranes; modern construction tools andfasteners; and scaffolding for the construction of load bearing andnon-load bearing walls.

With this object in view, the present invention provides, in a firstaspect, a method of construction of a wall from first, second and endmodules each having a portion forming part of the wall including:

aligning a first or end module and one of: a first and an end module ina desired alignment;

connecting the two modules together with at least one connection means,having a tie portion generally extending in the direction of thealignment, to form a supporting structure for at least one secondmodule;

connecting a second module to the supporting structure by cooperation ofa connection portion of the second module with a correspondingconnection portion of said supporting structure to form at least aportion of the wall.

In this form of the invention, first and end modules may be calledsupporting modules.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the connection portion ofthe second module cooperatively engages with a corresponding portion ofthe tie portion of the connection means. Such engagement allowsconnection of the second module to the supporting structure forming partof the wall and may allow, during construction, the second module to betemporarily hung from the supporting structure, which may be called ahanger unit.

The connection means may be provided with one or a number of guide meansfor locating the second module in a desired space relation to thesupporting structure. The guide means are positioned appropriatelyrelative to the tie portion to achieve this objective. The guide meansmay form part of the tie portions with the corresponding tie portionsextending between them.

The first, end or first and end modules may be connected together by aplurality of connection means spaced along vertical lengths of theadjoining modules providing a plurality of corresponding different tieportions for engaging cooperation with plural connection portions of thesecond module allowing connection to the supporting structure. Theconnection means may be the same or different, for example connectionmeans connecting first modules may be different in length than thoseconnecting end modules; or first and end modules. Length may be dictatedby flange length of adjoining modules. At least two such connectionmeans may be used to connect adjoining modules therefore providing atleast two corresponding tie portions for engagement with two secondmodule connection portions. A greater number than two may be used asnecessary.

The second modules may have a T-section with a flange portion and avertically extending web portion provided with at least two connectionportions. In this case, the corresponding tie portions may have lengthsubstantially equal the width of the web of the second module. Firstmodules may also have a T-section with a flange portion and a webportion and may be assembled from L-shaped or other sub-first modules,for example half modules, where desired. On connection, the verticallyextending web portions of second modules extend between the guide meansof the connection means.

In a particularly preferred aspect of the invention, bevelled slots orcuts may be employed as second module connection portions which, duringconstruction, engage with rods forming at least two corresponding tieportions of said connection means for connection of second modules tothe supporting structure. This should enable secure connection betweenthe second module and the supporting structure but use of furtherfastening is not precluded.

The wall may include a number of end modules defining the start and endof the wall. End modules may have an L-section rather than a T-sectionpreferred for the first and second modules and may be similar to a halfsection. The same wall may also have one or more starts and ends alongits length. At each start and end an end module may be connected withconnection means, as described above, to a first module. End modules maybe connected together to form supporting structures for second modules,notably at piers in a piered wall construction.

End modules may also define openings in a wall such as doors andwindows. For these cases and also in the case of the same wall abuttinganother wall (for example, at right angle to it) the end modules may beconnected by connection means to a door or window frame or similarfitting or to another wall. Connection means may be hook bracketassemblies with co-operating portions fixed to the door or window frameand end modules at each side of the door or window frame and fixed tothe end module and the abutting wall. Hook bracket assemblies on eitherside of the door or window frame are advantageously in inverted relationto each other to facilitate construction.

In analogous manner, internal walls or partitions may be connected toother walls or partitions of the structure with hook bracket assemblies.Thus a first wall or partition may be connected to a second wall orpartition by hook bracket assemblies having first cooperating portionsconnected to the first wall or partition along a line of desiredconnection and second cooperating portions connected along a verticallength of one end of the second wall or partition such that oncooperation, connection is made. Two or three such hook bracketassemblies are generally suitable to connect one wall or partition toanother.

The modules of the supporting structure, that is the first modules, endmodules or the first and end modules, may be aligned in a desiredalignment of the wall. For example, at a corner, two first modules maybe aligned at the angle of the corner and, depending on whether aninternal or external corner is to be formed, a suitably angled key ortie rod may be employed to assist in their connection. If a right anglecorner is required, the two first modules are aligned at right anglessuch that they may be connected together. Two such modules may beconnected with the assistance of a corner tie rod with two sets ofguides such that on connection, the modules form a supporting structurefor two second modules to complete, for example, an external corner. Thefirst modules may form part of adjoining supporting structures. Thefirst or second modules may have flanges or webs shortened or otherwisemodified to suit the corner, particularly where an angled corner isrequired.

A comer, for example an internal corner, may be constructed by aligningmodules of adjoining supporting structures at the angle of the cornerand connecting these with the assistance of a key or tie portion angledto suit the angle of the corner. So, at a right angle corner, the cornerkey or corner tie rod may be shaped as a right angle.

A capping member may be used at the top or bottom of a portion of thewall for further connection of modules comprising the wall portion anddistribution of horizontal and vertical forces along the wall. Thecapping member may be plain or a castellated member provided with cleatsfor connection to structural members supported on top of the wall.

In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a kit comprisingfirst modules, second modules, end modules, module connection means,capping members, doorframes, window frames and windows to fit theframes, and door and window connection means for use in accordance withthe method of the present invention.

In a still further aspect of the invention, there is provided astructure including a wall constructed in accordance with the method ofthe present invention.

It will be understood that the method is not restricted to theconstruction of walls; and wall-like structures such as fences,partitions, piers, columns and so on may be suitably constructed withthe method of the invention. Thus the term “wall” is intended herein tobe compendious description of all such structures.

A piered wall may be constructed in accordance with the methods abovedescribed. In this case, the wall has at least one pier along its lengthincluding at least two end modules or a first and an end module beingpier modules connected together by first connection means to form asupporting structure for a second module of the pier. The supportingstructure is connected to the remainder of the wall by a bracket havingfirst means for engaging connection means connecting two modules formingpart of the remainder of the wall together; and second means forengaging first connection means connecting the at least two pier modulestogether. On engagement of the first and second engagement means withthe connection means the pier is connected to the remainder of the wall.Engagement may be made with tie or key portions of the connection meansas appropriate. The bracket may connect with tie and key portions of thefirst. connection means and connection means respectively, or viceversa.

In one further aspect of the invention the method is used forconstruction of a structural column comprising assembly and connectionof second modules having a flange and a web with angled slots formedproximate the ends of said second module webs wherein webs of two secondmodules are aligned in opposition with slots facing downwards; downwardfacing cleats of a connection means are engaged with the slots at topand bottom of the webs to form a supporting structure comprised of saidsecond modules and connection bracket; and angled slots of two furthersecond modules facing upward are engaged with upward facing cleats ofsaid connection means at top and bottom of said further second modulesto form the column.

The column connection means may be a bracket having a body ofrectangular section, two opposed sides of said section being connectedto cleats being angled upward from a horizontal medial axis of saidsection and the remaining two opposed sides of said section beingconnected to cleats angled downward from the horizontal medial axis ofthe connection means. The cleats comprise plate portions for engagingangled slots of second modules having flange and web and formed in theweb and upstanding walls defining two edges of said plate portions.These walls are provided to make engagement secure. Engagement of thecleats with the angled slots of the second modules allows constructionof a column.

The connection means may be a structural member extending substantiallythe length of the column. The column may be formed with upper and lowercleats angled upward to engage with angled slots of the second modules.A footing may be provided for the column.

The present invention may provide advantages in reducing the need forskilled labour, scaffolding, modern tools and fasteners in theconstruction of structures. Indeed, need for these may be eliminated inaccordance with the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention may be more fully understood from the followingdescription of preferred embodiments thereof made with reference to theaccompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1a shows a side view of one example of a first module of thepresent invention used in a first preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 1b shows a cross-section view along section line A—A of FIG. 1a;

FIG. 2a shows a side view of one example of a second module used in afirst preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2b shows a cross section view along section line B—B of FIG. 2a;

FIG. 3a shows a detail of the bevelled cuts shown in FIG. 2, and 6 onearrangement for connection of second modules to tie rods connectingfirst or first and end modules in a first preferred embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 3b shows a front elevation of portion of a web of a first or endmodule;

FIG. 4a shows a side view of one example of an end module used in afirst preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4b shows a cross section view along section line C—C of FIG. 4a;

FIG. 5a shows a side view of one example of an alternative first modulefor use in a first preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5b shows a cross section view along section line A—A of FIG. 5a;

FIG. 6a shows side elevation of one example of an alternative secondmodule for use in a first preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6b shows a cross section view along section line B—B of FIG. 6a;

FIG. 7a shows an elevation of one example of a tie rod for use inaccordance with a first preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7b shows a plan view of the tie rod of FIG. 7a;

FIG. 8a shows an elevation of an alternative example of a tie rod foruse in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 8b shows a plan view of the tie rod of FIG. 8a;

FIG. 8c shows an end elevation view of the tie rod of FIGS. 8a and 8 b;

FIG. 9 shows a plan view of one example of a tie rod to be used at acorner formed by two walls meeting at right angles and constructed inaccordance with the method of the invention;

FIG. 10 shows a plan view of one example of a key for use at a corner inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11a shows plan and elevation views of one type of key which may beused in a first preferred embodiment of the method of the invention;

FIG. 11b shows plan and elevation views of a second type of key whichmay be used in a first preferred embodiment of the method of theinvention;

FIG. 11c shows one example of a wedge which may be used in accordancewith a first preferred embodiment of the method of the invention;

FIG. 11d shows one example of a hook bolt and washer which may be usedin accordance with the method of the invention;

FIG. 12a shows a side elevation view of one example of a capping for awall used in a first preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 12b shows a section view of the capping along section line 1—1 ofFIG. 12a;

FIG. 12c shows a side elevation view of a further example of a cappingfor a wall used in a second preferred embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 12d shows a section view of the further capping along section line2—2 of FIG. 12c;

FIG. 13a shows a plan view of one example of a wall assembled inaccordance with one embodiment of the method of the invention;

FIG. 13b shows an elevation of the wall shown in FIG. 13a;

FIG. 14 shows an enlarged detail of FIG. 13a;

FIG. 15a shows a plan view of one example of an external comer formed bytwo walls meeting at right angles and assembled in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 15b shows a part elevation of the wall shown in FIG. 15a;

FIG. 16a shows a plan view of one example of an internal corner formedby two walls meeting at right angles and assembled in accordance withone embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 16b shows a part elevation of the wall shown in FIG. 16a;

FIG. 17a shows a plan view of one example of a double module pier,assembled in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 17b shows a plan view of one example of a single module pierassembled in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 18a shows a plan view of one example of column assembled inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 18b shows an elevation view of FIG. 18a;

FIG. 19a shows a plan view of one example of a fence wall with singlemodule piers, assembled in accordance with one embodiment of the methodof the invention;

FIG. 19b shows an elevation view of the fence wall shown in FIG. 19a;

FIG. 20a shows a plan view detail of the fence wall shown in FIG. 19a;

FIG. 20b shows a cross section view along line A—A of FIG. 19a, 19 b and20 a;

FIG. 20c shows an end pier of the fence wall shown in FIGS. 19a, 19 band 20 a;

FIG. 21a shows a plan view of one example of a connection bracket forconnecting single and/or multiple module piers to a wall assembled inaccordance with the method of the invention;

FIG. 21b shows a front elevation view of connection bracket shown inFIG. 21a;

FIG. 21c shows a detail of elevation at both ends of connection bracketsshown in FIGS. 21a and 21 b;

FIG. 21d shows an end elevation view of FIGS. 21a and 21 b;

FIG. 22a shows a plan view of one example of connection bracket forconnecting single module pier to a fence wall assembled in accordancewith the method of the invention;

FIG. 22b shows a front elevation view of the bracket shown in FIG. 22a;

FIG. 22c shows a detail of elevation at one end of bracket shown in FIG.22a;

FIG. 22d shows an end view of bracket shown in FIGS. 22a and 22 b.

FIG. 23a shows a front elevation view of a connection bracket used inconstruction of a column according to a further embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 23b shows a plan view of the connection bracket of FIG. 23a;

FIG. 23c shows a side elevation view of the connection bracket shown inFIGS. 23a and 23 b;

FIGS. 24a-d show plan, elevation and side views of one example of a doorframe hook bracket assembly for use in accordance with one embodiment ofthe invention;

FIGS. 25a-d show plan, front, and side elevation views of one example ofa first hook bracket for fixing a door frame, a window frame or anotherwall in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 26a-e show plan, front and side elevation views; and invertedelevation views of one example of a second hook bracket for fixing adoor or window frame in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 27 shows a plan, front and side elevation of a third hook bracketfor, in cooperation with the hook bracket of FIG. 25a-d, fixing twowalls abutting together in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 28a is a front elevation of one example of a door frame for use inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 28b is a side elevation of the door frame of FIG. 17a;

FIG. 28c is a section of the door frame along section line A—A of FIG.28a;

FIG. 28d is a section of the door frame along section line B—B of FIG.28a;

FIG. 28e shows a view along section line C—C of FIG. 28d showingconnection detail of the hook bracket of FIG. 26 to the door frame sideof FIG. 28a;

FIG. 29 shows one example of assembly stages for a door or windowassembled in accordance with one preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 30a shows a front elevation of one example of a window frame foruse in accordance with the method of the invention;

FIG. 30b shows a side elevation of the window frame of FIG. 30a;

FIG. 30c shows a view of one side of the window frame of FIGS. 30a and30 b;

FIG. 30d shows a view of the opposite side of the window frame of FIGS.19a to 19 c;

FIG. 30e shows a cross section view of the window frame along sectionline A—A of FIG. 30a;

FIG. 30f shows a cross section view of the window frame along sectionline B—B of FIG. 30a; and

FIG. 31a shows an elevation of one example of a window for use inaccordance with the method of the present invention;

FIG. 31b shows a section of the window frame along section line A—A ofFIG. 31a;

FIG. 31c shows a section of the window frame along section line B—B ofFIG. 31a;

FIG. 31d shows a section of the window frame along section line C—C ofFIG. 31a; and

FIG. 31e shows a section of the window frame along section line D—D ofFIG. 31a.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The method of the invention includes the assembly of various modularcomponents. Therefore, description is first provided of the first,second and end modules; the connection or tie means used for connectingthe first and end modules; or first and first modules thus providing asupporting structure for the second modules.

1. The Modules

In a first preferred embodiment of this invention, the first and secondmodules 10 and 20 are plain T-Cross section panels as shown in FIGS. 1and 2. There are also provided Half T- Cross section end modules 30 inthe form of panels, (or L-Cross section panels) as shown in FIG. 4. Thelength of these modules is generally the full height of the wall to beconstructed and the widths and thicknesses of the cross sections of thesame modules depend on the design of the same wall. However, analternative construction may be envisaged in which the modules are sizedonly to form a portion of the height of the wall, for example above orbelow windows or doors.

In yet another form of this invention the first, second and end modulescould be made from fibre reinforced concrete, from metal, from timber orfrom any other suitable material. They also could be made of compositeconstruction whereby the flange of the T-section and the Half T-Section(L-Section) is made from one material and the web from another, e.g.concrete flange with metal web or vice versa. Fibre reinforced concreteor cement flange with metal web or vice versa. Timber flange with metalweb or vice versa and so on. In all such cases the web of each module isprovided with suitable anchorage to fit the connection means, modifiedif required, as necessary to connect the modules together to form thewall in accordance with the method of the invention.

As shown more clearly in FIGS. 13a and 13 b which show the assembledwall 40, first and end modules 10 and 30 form one face 40 a of the wall40 being constructed. Second modules 20 form the other face 40 b of thesame wall 40. This may be an outer face of the wall 40 where such is anexternal wall. For an internal wall, the first and second modules 10 and20 may be used for either face of the wall 40.

End modules 30 are generally used at each end of the wall 40 and also oneach side of any opening provided in the same wall, for example, on eachside of a door frame or window frame as shown in FIG. 29. They may beused elsewhere along the wall and may define sides of a wet joint in thesame wall. A wet joint is a vertical joint which may be providedanywhere along the length of the wall and which may be filled withcement and sand mortar, wall plaster or other suitable materialsfinished flush with both faces of the wall to complete the wall. Wetjoints are introduced along the length of a wall to compensate for anyshortfall in the given lengths of a wall which does not correspond to afull or end module.

First, second and end modules 10, 20 and 30 may be used to form a pieror a column or may be cut into shorter lengths to be used, as a fencewall or above and below any openings provided in the same wall 40, inthe same manner as full-length units. Also, first and second modules 10and 20, modified as necessary, are used to form external and internalcorners in walls meeting at right angles and at different angles and ofthe required length. In these cases, the modules may be moulded or cutwith web and flange at the required angles. For example, the webs orflanges may have an edge extending at a desired angle to the planeformed by the panel portion of the modules. Flanges of first and secondmodules may be moulded smaller when used at right angle corners.

All modules are advantageously lightweight in construction allowingconvenient handling by one or two people.

As all modules have same or similar cross-section, they may be producedfrom a single mould or single mould modified to suit. The cross-sectiondescribed may be varied from the T-cross section provided that themodules may still be employed in accordance with the method of theinvention.

The First Module

Referring more particularly to the first module 10, as shown in FIG. 1,this module is a plain concrete T-shaped cross section panel. The lengthof the panel is equal to the full height of the wall being constructed.The widths, and thickness of the flange and web of the panel and theoverall thickness of the panel depend on the design of the same wall.

The web 12 of this first module 10 is provided, at locations along itslength with small rectangular holes 13, which pass through from one face12 a of the web 12 to the other face 12 b. These rectangular holes 13extend perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the first module 10.The number and location of these holes 13 depends on the height of thewall being constructed and on the design loads acting on the same wall.At least two such holes 13 are required per module and locationsproximate the top and bottom of the web 12 are suitable bearing in mindexpected design loadings.

The main function of these small rectangular holes 13 in the web 12 offirst module 10 is to provide positive connection and anchorage to thetie rod 50, as shown in FIG. 7 or 8, which connects first modules 10together; or first and end modules 10 and 30 together when constructingthe wall in accordance with the method of the present invention.

As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the webs 12 and 22 of each of the first andsecond modules 10 and 20 could also be provided with longitudinalrecesses 16 and 28 which run the full length of the unit on both sidesof the webs 12 and 22. The small rectangular holes 13 in the webs 12 offirst modules 10 and the bevelled cuts 26 in the webs 22 of secondmodules 20 remain the same.

The Second Module

Referring more particularly to the second module 20, as shown in FIG. 2,this module is a plain concrete T-shaped cross section panel. The lengthof the panel is equal to the full height of the wall 40 beingconstructed. The width and thickness of the flange 21 and web 22 of thepanel and the overall thickness of the panel depend on the design of thesame wall 40.

The second module 20 is similar to first module 10 in cross section, inlength and in size. However, it has large angled slots 26 in its web 22.The smaller rectangular holes 13 which are provided in the web 12 offirst module 10 are omitted. These large angled slots are in the form ofbevelled cuts 26 at predetermined angle from the horizontal, for example30° or 45° (see FIG. 3a) and locations, for example proximate the endsof the web 22 of the module 20. The ends 26 a of slots 26 may berounded. This results from a possible process of fabrication where holesare first drilled through web 22 at desired locations of the slots 26.An angled cut, at the required angle α°, is then made to meet thedrilled hole producing the slot shape shown. A horizontal cut is made tointersect this angled cut at its opening. Angles and location of cutsare selected having regard to required strength. The same bevelled cuts26 are intersected by a horizontal cut 27 at the face of the web 22 toform the shape of cut shown generally in FIG. 2; and in detail in FIG.3a. The number, size and angle of these bevelled cuts 26 depend on theheight of the wall 40 to be constructed and on the design loading of thesame wall 40. Two such bevelled cuts 26 located proximate the ends ofthe web should suffice. The width of these bevelled cuts 26 is selectedto snugly fit the tie rod 50, shown in FIGS. 7 or 8, for connecting thefirst and second modules 10 and 20 together.

The main function of these bevelled cuts 26 is to guide, positivelyanchor and fix a second module 20 to a corresponding tie portion 57 ofthe tie rod 50 which connects first or end modules 10 or 30 together;and first and end modules 10 and 30 together (to form the supportingstructure) to become part of a wall 40. Therefore, these same bevelledcuts 26 form the connection portions of second modules 20 which, throughcooperative engagement with the corresponding tie portion(s) 57 ofconnecting tie rod(s) 50, effectively connect it to first, end or firstand end modules 10 and 30 to form a wall 40 without the use of cementmortar, bolts, screws, or the like. Accordingly, the bevelled cuts 26and horizontal slots 27 are a particularly important feature of thispreferred embodiment of the invention.

Second modules 20 are also used in the construction of columns and piersin accordance with further aspects of the invention.

The End Module

End module 30 also takes the form of a plain concrete Half-T-Crosssection panel (i.e. L- Cross-section panel) as shown in FIG. 4. Thelength of the panel is equal to the full height of the wall beingconstructed. The width and thickness of the flange 31 and web 33 of thepanel and the overall thickness of the panel depend on the design of thesame wall.

The external face of the web 33 of end module 30 is provided with alongitudinal recess 36, which runs the full length of the module 30. Thewidth and depth of this longitudinal recess 36 is designed to suit keysand/or hook brackets, as shown in FIG. 25, allowing connection of endmodule 30 to other modules or fittings as described further below.Recess 36 may be omitted in half-modules as used in pier constructionsas described below.

The web 33 of end module 30 is also provided along its length with thesame size of small rectangular holes 32 as those provided in the web offirst module 10. Also, the same number of holes 13 provided in the firstmodule 10 correspond to an equal number of the same holes 32 provided inend module 30. For example, if first module 10 has three slotted holes13 provided in its web 12 at a certain height, then three out of thelarger number of slotted holes 32 provided in the web 33 of end module30 must exactly correspond and be located at the same height andlocation along its web 33 as those provided in the web 12 of firstmodule 10.

End module 30 may be provided with more of the same small rectangularholes 32 along the length of its web 33 than first module 10. Theseextra rectangular holes 32 are designed to provide anchorage and fixityfor the window and door frames which may be fixed to the end module 30.End modules 30 are located on each side of the door and window openingsand may be used for the shorter cut modules which may be located belowand above an opening. End modules 30 may also be located to define a wetjoint along the wall. They are also used at piers along a wall whereconnection of two end modules 30 may form a supporting structure forsecond module(s) forming at least part of a pier.

The main function of these small rectangular holes 32, which areprovided in the web 33 of end module 30 is to, provide positiveconnection and anchorage, to the tie rod 50 which connects first and endmodules 10 and 30 together. Also, these holes 32 allow connection of thedoor and window frames by bracket means described further below.

2. The Connection or Tie Means

The connection or tie means ties and connects the first, second and endmodules 10, 20 and 30 together in order to form a wall 40 of desiredrigidity and strength. It includes, in a preferred embodiment of theinvention, a tie rod; a key and wedge; a capping; hook bolt(s) and hookbrackets.

The tie rod 50 may, in one embodiment shown in FIG. 7, be a short metalrod with specially designed lug (plate) 52 connected at each end.Rectangular hole 53 is formed in each lug 52 to accommodate separatewedge components 85 to anchor the tie rod to key apertures as describedbelow. The lugs 52 may be designed to suit the shape of the webs 13, and33 of the first and end modules 10 and 30. The lugs 52 may be omitted bysuitable design of the tie rod 50.

An alternative tie rod is shown in FIG. 8. This alternative includeswedges 54 designed to suit the rectangular holes or slots 72 provided inkey apertures. These wedges 54, in contrast to wedges 85 describedbelow, are incorporated in the lugs 52 of the tie rod 50.

Referring further to FIG. 7, the tie rod 50 is also provided with twolocating guides 56 along its length, which could be rods of any suitablecross section, or plates of any shape and size. Guides 56 may be weldedto tie rod 50. Further or fewer guides could be provided, for examplecorner tie rods 150 have two sets of guides 56 and 156 and tie rods forpiers have no guides, rather guiding is achieved by the channel sectionsof the pier brackets as described below. The spacing “d” between thesetwo guides 56 is designed to suit the width of the web 22 of secondmodules 20. A neat fit may be desired. These guides 56 are designed toguide, locate and restrain second modules 20 into desired positionsalong the wall 40, when it is anchored to the tie rod 50 which connectsfirst modules 10 together; and/or first and end modules 10 and 30together to form the wall 40; or two end modules together to form a pieror column.

The guides 56 need not be located symmetrically about a centre linebetween the lugs 52. Their position is selected having regard to thedesired position of second modules 20 in the constructed wall 40.

The overall length of the tie rod 50 (including the lugs 52) is designedto suit the flange width of the modules 10 and 30 so that when connectedtogether by the tie rod 50 the desired spacing, centre to centre,required between them is advantageously achieved.

Moreover, the same tie rod 50 may be bent and modified in length andprofile as required and is also used to tie or connect together themodules which form the external and internal corners of walls meeting atdifferent angles and the modules forming a pie or column or any otherstructural member.

Referring to FIG. 9, there is shown a suitable tie rod 150 for a rightangle corner, each arm of which extends in a direction of one of thewalls forming the corner (see FIG. 15a). This angle may be varied ofcourse to allow cornering at different angles than 90°.

The main function of the tie rod 50 is to tie and connect the firstmodules 10 together; and first and end modules 10 and 30 together toform one face of, the wall or two end modules 30 together to form apier, and to provide positive anchorage and fixity to second modules 20which connect to the tie rod 50 to form the opposite face of the samewall 40; or a pier or column. The tie rod 50 also transmits thehorizontal and longitudinal forces acting on the same wall. Two or moresuch tie rods 50 may be employed in the connection of adjoining modules.

Tie rods connecting first modules may be referred to herein by notationincluding “50” in this description. Modified tie rods may be designatedby notation including “51”, for example those tie rods connecting endmodules 30 or first and end modules 10 and 30.

Keys 88 and 89, shown in FIG. 11, perform in conjunction with wedge 85two important functions. Firstly, they lock and fix the tie rod 50 tothe first, and end modules 10 and 30 on driving wedges 85 into position.

Secondly, the keys fix window frame and/or door frame brackets to endmodules 30 on driving wedges 85 into position.

Keys 88 or 89 and wedges 85 may be used in combination though key meanscould be designed to achieve both functions. To illustrate how the keys88, 89 and wedges 85 work, consider for example two vertical surfaceswhich need to be locked and fixed firmly together by means of the keyand wedge. The two surfaces must first be provided with the same sizeholes to fit the key being used. The two surfaces are brought togetherwith the holes aligned. A key is inserted through the holes of bothsurfaces. A wedge 85 is then driven through the rectangular hole 72provided at the pointed end of the key 88 or 89 to secure both surfacestogether. The further the wedge 85 is driven into the hole(s) 72 thebigger the compression force applied and the tighter the two surface aregripped together.

The key 88 or 89 may take the form of a rectangular metal plate of widthand thickness to suit and. shaped as shown in FIGS. 11a and 11 b. Keysare designed to fit the small rectangular holes 13 and 32 provided inthe webs 12 and 33 of the first and end modules 10 and 30. One end 88 aor 89 a of the key 88 or 89 may be slightly tapered or pointed tofacilitate fitting it through the small rectangular holes 13, 32 in thewebs 12, 33 of the modules 10 and 30 and the other end 81 is providedwith a wide flange 82 to stop it from passing completely through thesame holes.

Two types of keys may be used in accordance with the invention. One type(type “E”) 88 is provided with only one rectangular hole 72 at itspointed end 88 a. A second type (type “I”) 89 is provided with tworectangular holes 72 one, at each end of the key.

Each of the above key types could be made in different length andprofile, for connection of different modules at different locations toperform different functions. Type E keys 88 are used with end modules 30at the end of a wall 40 or along the sides of window or door openings inorder to lock and fix the door or window frame bracket to an end module.A modified key 188 with right angled key arms 187 is used at a rightangle corner and at walls meeting at different angles. Arms 187 may bedisposed at different angles for different-angle corners and may beprovided with apertures 172 to accommodate wedges 85.

Type “I” keys 89, used in connection of first modules 10, could havedifferent shapes and different lengths depending on their location alongthe walls being constructed, however function remains the same.Appropriate shape and length keys are selected by the builder duringconstruction.

The keys provide positive anchorage and fixity to the tie rod 50. Thekeys 88 and 89 also transmit the design longitudinal and horizontalloads from one module to the next through the tie rod 50.

The wedge 85 is a small piece of metal plate, straight on one side andtapered on the other as shown in FIG. 11c. The metal of the wedge 85 maybe substituted by other materials. It is designed to fit the rectangularslot(s) 72 provided in the keys 88 and 89 and in the lugs 52 at each endof the tie rod 50. It is used in conjunction .with keys for locking,tying and fixing the modules together and for locking and fixing anybrackets to first, second and end modules 10, 20 and 30 by wedgingaction.

The cappings, shown in FIG. 12, are generally C-shaped sheet metalcappings. The width of cappings 100 and 180 is designed to suit thethickness of the wall 40 being built and its length may vary to suit theconstruction of the same wall 40, the handling and transport.

Two types of capping 100 and 180 have been designed to be used inaccordance with the invention, as shown in FIG. 12a-d. The capping 100shown in FIGS. 12c and 12 d may be a plain capping which is a C-shapedsheet metal capping which has no cleats attached to its web and it mayor may not have large voids 101 in its web 107. It could be used on topas well as at the bottom of the wall being built.

The capping may be a castellated and/or cleated capping 180, as shown inFIGS. 12a and 12 b. This capping 180 is also a C-shaped sheet metalcapping except it is provided with cleats 106 at the outside face of itsweb 107. These cleats 106 could be punched through the web 107 of theplain C capping 100 at the required centres and folded outwards leavinglarge voids in the web 107 of the C channel to form a castellatedcleated capping 180. Alternatively, the cleats 106 could be welded onthe outside web 107 of the capping 180 and the large voids in the web107 punched separately or the metal C section could be manufactured withlarge voids 101 in its web 107 and cleats 106 welded to the web 107 toproduce a castellated cleated capping. This type of capping 105 is usedonly at the top of the wall 40. It is designed to provide fixity toother structural members supported on the top of the same wall such asceiling joists, roof rafters and roof beams. Holes 109 are drilled inthe cleats 106 to allow connection to these structural members.

The capping 100 or 180 connects the modules 10, 20 and 30 forming thewall together at the top of the wall 40, and assists in alignment of themodules, to distribute part of the horizontal and vertical forces alongthe wall, to provide restraint at the bottom of the wall 40 if and whenrequired by fixing the capping to the floor and to provide fixity at thetop of the wall 40 for other structural members which bear on top of thewall such as ceiling joists, roof rafters, roof beams etc. Cappinglength may be the length of a flange of a first module 10, greater orless as desired.

The cappings 100 or 180 could be made from suitable materials other thanmetals. They may be shaped to suit columns or corners.

The cappings 100 or 180 may be connected to the wall 40 by hook bolts121 if required due to expected loadings. Suitable hook bolts 121 arehot dipped galvanised bolts (or any other approved rust treated bolts)one end 125 of which is bent in the shape of a hook and the other end127 of which is threaded to fit a suitable nut 131 and a rectangularwasher 130, as shown in FIG. 11d.

The diameter of the hook bolts 121 vary, depending on the height of thewall 40 d the wind and other loadings acting on the same wall 40. Thelength of the hook bolts 121 is designed to suit the position of thenearest top tie rod 50 or 51 to which it connects. The washers 130 maytake the form of a rectangular flat metal washers. The length of thewasher 130 is equal to the full thickness of the wall 40 and its widthand thickness are proportioned to suit the design of the bolt 121.

The capping 100 or 180 is fixed to the top of the wall 40 hooking thehook bolt 121 to the top tie rod 50 a which ties the modules 10 and 30together and bolting the rectangular washer 130 across the thickness ofthe wall 40 and on top of the capping 100 or 180 as shown in FIGS. 15and 16.

Construction of a Wall

Description now follows of the assembly of modules, tie rods and cappingto form a wall referring to FIGS. 13a, 13 b and FIG. 14.

Construction of a wall 40 may start anywhere along the wall at a firstmodule 10; or with an end module 30 forming a start or an end to thewall 40; or at a corner. For illustrative purposes, construction will beassumed to start at an end module 30. The end module 30 is stood in anupright position with its flange 31 running along the line of the wallto. be constructed. One type E key 88 is fitted to the top and one tothe bottom of the end module 30 in the small rectangular holes 32provided through its web 33. The pointed ends 88 a of these keys 88 mustpoirt in the direction of the wall 40 being constructed in distinctionto other keys 89, used in forming the wall 40, which face in theopposite direction. The height at which these keys 88 are fixedcorrespond to the height of the bevelled cuts 26 provided in the web 22of second modules 20.

Then a first module 10 is stood next to the end module 30 with itsflange 11 also extending along the same line of the wall 40 as flange 31of end module 30. A type “I” key 89 is then to be fitted in each of theslotted holes 13 provided through its web 12. One type “I” key 88 isfitted at the top and one is fitted at the bottom of the module 10. Thepointed end 89 a of the key 89 faces against the direction of the wall40 being constructed (see FIGS. 13a and 14).

Now the end and first modules 10 and 30 are ready to be connected ortied together with the modified tie rod 51, having shorter length thantie rod 50 used in connection of adjacent first modules 10, forming anassembly which is a supporting structure 200 for second modules 20. Thesupporting structure 200 effectively forms a hanger from which a secondmodule 20 is “hung” to form part of the wall. It may be called a hangerunit.

Starting at the bottom, then at the top of modules 10 and 30, tie rods51 b and 51 a respectively are slid between the webs 13 and 33 of thestanding modules 10 and 30. Wedges 85 are then driven securely into therectangular holes 72 provided in the keys 88 and 89 in both modules 10and 30 and in the lugs 52 provided at each end of tie rods 51 a and 51b. Once the bottom and the top tie rods 51 a and 51 b are anchored intoposition by the keys and wedges 88, 89 and 85 the two modules 10 and 30are locked together in the longitudinal direction of the wall 40 andspaced at the required centres. The first and end modules 10 and 30 haveflanges forming one face 40 a of the wall 40 and, connected by the twotie rods 51 a and 51 b between them, form the hanger-unit 200.

A second module 20 is then stood in the upright position and oppositethe hanger unit 200 formed by the first and end modules 10 and 30 suchthat its web 22 is facing and in line with the centre line 59 of theguides 56 provided on the tie rods 51 a and 51 b.

The second module 20 is now lifted slightly and allowed to temporarilyhang off the top tie rod 50 a and between the guides 56 provided on it,by the top horizontal cut 27 provided in its web 22. The second module20 has the bottom bevelled cut 26 in its web 22 guided between thebottom tie rod guides 57 b. The second module 20 is then simply pushedgently forward against the other two standing modules 10 and 30. Thiswill allow module 20 to drop over and engage corresponding portions 57 aand 57 b of the top and bottom tie rods 51 a and 51 b with thecooperating bevelled cuts 26 anchoring and locking it to the tie rods 50a and 50 b, thus forming the opposite face 40 b of the wall 40. Flange21 ends overlap webs 11, 31 or 11 and 31 of first and/or end modules 10and 30 forming supporting structure. Spaces 24 separate the flange 21ends of adjoining second modules, and indeed first and/or end modules 10and 30. These may be used for insertion of brackets, other fittings butmay be rendered or plastered if desired. The three modules 10, 20 and 30are thus now locked effectively together in both longitudinal andhorizontal directions thus forming part of the wall 40 beingconstructed.

Then another first module 10 is placed in the upright position with itsflange 11 along the line of the wall 40 next to the previous firstmodule 10. Top and bottom keys type “I” 89 are fitted into positionthrough the rectangular holes 13 in its web 12, and in line and levelwith the previous ones. The pointed ends 89 a of the keys must be facingagainst the direction of the construction of the wall 40, (i.e. facingthe start of the wall). Two more tie rods 50 are inserted between thetwo first modules 10 and anchored into the keys 89 of this new unit andthe last one thus again forming another hanger unit 201. Another secondmodule 20 is hung between them and anchored to the tie rods 50 and soon. The same procedure is repeated until the construction of the wall 40is complete.

The wall capping 100 or 180 and the hook bolts 120, if required, mayalso be fitted as the wall construction progresses or whenever isconvenient. Depending on the height of the wall 40, temporary proppingto the wall might be necessary until the wall is made secure butscaffolding are unnecessary.

On construction of external walls, internal walls may be constructed inthe same manner. Structural members located at the top of the walls areassembled on completion of wall construction.

There is now described, with reference to FIGS. 15a and 15 b,construction of an external corner of an external wall 140 of astructure, for example a house. In this case, flanges of first modules110 form the internal faces 140 a, 141 a of the cornering walls 140, 141and flanges of second modules 120 form the external faces 140 b, 141 bof the walls 140, 141.

Starting at the corner 190, two first modules 110 are stood upright atright angles to each other. Their flanges 111 run along the internalface of the wall in each direction and their webs 112 face the externalface 140 b of the wall 140. Two type I keys 89 are fitted into therectangular holes 113 at the top and bottom of each module 110. Thepointed ends 89 a of the keys 89 point towards the comer 190.

The modules 110 may then be connected together by the corner tie rod 150shown in FIG. 9 to form an assembly which is a supporting structure fortwo second modules 120 a and 120 b. Two such corner tie rods 150 areconnected between the webs 112, one at bottom, the other at top; andsecured by driving wedges 85 into the apertures 172 of the tie rods 150.The first modules 110 are tied together in the longitudinal direction ofeach line of the walls 140 and 141 forming the corner 190.

Second modules 120 used at corners are similar to second modules 20 usedelsewhere but do have width of their flanges 122 modified or shortenedto suit the corner 190.

Second module 120 a is more easily connected first to the supportingstructure 200 and second module 120 b is connected afterwards completingthe external corner 190.

The remainder of each wall 140 and 141 is constructed in the mannerabove described. Another first module 10 is stood next to first module110 with its flange 111 running along the same line of the wall. Type Ikeys 89 are fitted into the top and bottom rectangular holes 132provided in its web 112. A tie rod 50 is slid between the webs 112 ofthe two modules 110 at top (50 a) and bottom (not shown) to engage withthe keys 89. Wedges 85 are driven at each end of each tie rod 50 tosecure and anchor them to the keys 89 forming hanger unit 200. Secondmodule 20 is then connected to the same tie rods and so on until thecornering walls 140 and 141 are completed.

There is now described, with reference to FIGS. 16a and 16 b,construction of an internal corner 290 of an external wall 240. A firstmodule 210 a is fitted at top and bottom rectangular holes 213 in itsweb with one key arm 187 of corner key 188. The other key arm 187 of key188 is fitted into corresponding rectangular holes of first module 210 bstood at right angles to first module 210 a. The first modules form partof adjoining supporting structures. Both key arms 187, which aredisposed at a right angle, point away from corner 290. The flanges 211 aand 211 b are modified or shortened to suit the corner 290. The flanges211 a and 211 b have the same length as flanges of second modules 120 aand 120 b forming the corner of FIG. 15.

Then further first modules 10 are connected to the first modules 210 aand 210 b by tie rods 150 engaged with the key 188 and 89 by drivingwedges 85 into position. This completes assembly of supportingstructures or hanger units 200 for the second modules 220 a and 220 bwhich are connected, in the manner previously described, to the hangerunits 200. Second module 220 a is more easily connected first followedby second module 220 b. The corner 290 should be water-tight with nogaps allowing passage of water.

Construction of the cornering walls 240 a and 240 b continues aspreviously described.

Construction of Piers

There is now described, with reference to FIGS. 17a and 17 b, theconstruction of a piered wall. Piers 370 may be constructed along a wall340 in order to strengthen the wall, to carry a special load acting onthe wall and to give extra lateral stability to the wall.

In accordance with this aspect of the invention, piers may beconstructed anywhere along the length of a wall provided that secondmodules 20 and 320 of the wall and pier being constructed are directlyopposite each other with their webs 22 and 322 facing each other whenconnected to the tie rods 50.

Two types of pier may be constructed. A single module pier (FIG. 17b)has width formed from one module. A multi-module pier (FIG. 17a) haswidth formed from a number of modules.

Construction of a piered wall is similar to construction of two separatewalls alongside each other and tying both together using the pierbracket 380 of FIG. 21. The number of pier brackets 380 to be used totie a pier to a wall should not be less than the number of tie rods 350used to connect an assembly forming a hanger unit 201. That is, wheretwo tie rods 350 are used, two pier brackets 380 are likewise needed attop and bottom to connect the pier 370 to the remainder of wall 340.

The pier bracket 380 comprises two channel sections 386, which formguides for second module webs, connected by a plate or web section 390.The ends 387 of the channel sections 386 are rounded with the wallsforming the channel section 386 provided with slotted holes 382.

One method for the construction of a single module pier 370 along a wall340 constructed with two tie rods is as follows: as the construction ofthe wall 340 progresses and at the required location of the pier 370 thefirst tie rod 350 is inserted at the bottom between two standing firstmodules 310. Wedges 85 are anchored loosely at both ends of the tie rodsinto the key apertures 372.

Before the wedges 85 are securely driven into the apertures 372 a pierbracket 380 is inserted between first modules 310 with the slotted holes382 of the bracket 380 facing downward. Spaces 314 left to allowfittings facilitate such insertion. First modules 310 may be movedforward or backward to accommodate this being only loosely connected atthis time.

The slotted holes 382 are engaged onto the tie rods 350 and wedged 85are driven in tightly to anchor the tie rod 350 to the keys 89 at eachend ensuring that the pier bracket 380 is fully engaged with the tie rod350.

The next tie rod 350 is inserted at the top between the webs 312 a and312 b of first modules 310 a and 310 b. This tie rod 350 is firmlyanchored at each of its ends by fully driving the wedges 85 into keyapertures 372 of keys 389.

When the top tie rod 350 has been anchored, another pier bracket 380 isinserted from the top above the tie rod 350 and between the firstmodules 310 a and 310 b. The slotted holes 382 of this pier bracket 380are likewise pointed downward.

The slotted holes 382 are pressed into engagement with the tie rod 350at locations on each side of the guides 356.

The first modules 310 a and 310 b are connected together following thisstep to form a supporting structure for second module 320 with pierbrackets 380 in position ready for the pier 370 to be constructed.

Two end modules 330 are then stood in the upright position with theirflanges 331 back to back against the flanges 311 of first modules 310 aand 310 b. Webs 333 of the end modules 330 face each other with the pierbracket 380 symmetrically between them.

Pier tie rod 351, a modified tie rod, is then slid between the webs 333of end modules 330 and under the pier bracket 380 to engage slottedholes 382 on each side of the guides 386. Pier tie rod 351 is similar totie rod 50 but has length adapted to the application. Guide rods may beomitted as channel section 386 may form a guide for web 322 of secondmodule 320.

Type E keys 88 are then inserted in each end module 330 to support thepier tie rod 351. Wedges 385 are driven at each end of the pier tie rod370 through the key apertures to secure the tie rod 351 to the keys 88.

The same procedure is repeated at the top. On completion, two endmodules 330 form a supporting structure or hanger unit for second module320 which is connected to the structure in the manner previouslydescribed for wall 40. Such connection should follow full engagement ofslots 382 with the wall and pier tie rods 350 and 351 at top and bottomof the wall at the pier location.

A multi-module pier may be constructed by the same method ofconstruction as previously described. In this case, a first module 317is arranged with flange 317 a back to back to first module 310 b. Thisfirst module 317 is connected to each end module 330 forming supportingstructures for each second module 320, as shown in FIG. 17a, in themanner familiar to the invention.

Construction of Columns

There is now described, referring to FIGS. 18 and 23, the constructionof load bearing columns in accordance with a still further embodiment ofthe present invention.

Column 700 construction involves only second modules 20 a-20 d, specialconnection brackets and, where necessary for bearing heavy loads,structural members. The special connection brackets 400 may be used forlight loading on the column of the type encountered in single storeyhousing projects. For heavy loadings, structural members which may, forexample, be of steel or timber of rectangular or other suitablecross-section may be employed.

The bracket 400 is shown in FIG. 23 and is made of a rectangularstructural hollow section 401, with four cleats 402, 403, 404, 405connected to it.

The cleats 402-405 are in the form of plates with upstanding edges 412,413, 414, 415 in the manner of a box section. The cleats 402-405 areconnected at an angle to the horizontal medial axis of the bracket 400which corresponds to the angle of the bevelled cuts 26 provided in theweb 22 of second modules 20. This angle may be, for example, 450.

Two opposed cleats 402 and 404 connected to two opposed sides 401 a ofthe rectangular hollow section have angle facing upward. Adjacent theseon the remaining opposed sides 401 b are two opposed cleats 403 and 405with angle facing downward.

The plate portions 402 a, 403 a, 404 a and 405 a are designed to engagewith the bevelled cuts 26 provided in webs 22 of second modules 20 whenassembled into a column.

If a structural member is used to carry heavier loads, the cleats402-405 are connected directly to it at upper and lower locations butall cleats are angled upward and, conveniently, the structural member isof rectangular hollow section. In this case, cleats 402-405 alsocorrespond with the beveled cuts 26 of second modules 20.

The following description is directed to a column 700 construction forbearing lighter loads.

A suitable footing 790 is formed of concrete or other suitable material.Two second modules 20 a and 20 b are-stood on the footing 790 with webs22 a and 22 b opposing each other. The bevelled cuts 26 of each module20 a and 20 b face downward so that cleats 403 and 405 of brackets 400 aand 400 b may be dropped into them at top and bottom respectively. Oncompletion, there is formed a supporting structure for two remainingsecond modules 20 c and 20 d with walls 413 and 415 assisting in makinga secure connection. Modules 20 c and 20 d are reversed in relation tomodules 20 a and 20 b such that their bevelled cuts 26 face upward.These bevelled cuts 26 are brought into engagement with cleats 402 and404, walls 412 and 414 assisting in making a secure connection, afterwhich connection the column 700 is completed.

A capping member 710 suitable for the column 700 may be fitted at thetop.

Assembly of a Door Frame

Description now follows of connection of a door frame 500 to a wall 40constructed in accordance with a method of the present invention and ismade referent to FIGS. 24 to 26, 28 and 29.

The door frame 500, shown in FIG. 28, could be made of metal, timber orany other suitable door frame material of the type used or suitable tobe used in the building industry. The most commonly used standard doorframes in the building industry are metal and timber door frames.

The metal door frame 500 may be pre-formed or pressed in the factory andadvantageously is manufactured complete with architraves, door stops,hinges and latch striker. The width of the door frame 500 is designed tosuit the width of the wall 40; or the width of wall 40 making allowancefor wall plastering thickness.

At the back faces 580 of both sides of the doorframe 500, that is thefaces adjacent to the wall 40, the metal is folded outward away from thearchitraves, giving each side of the door frame 500 two vertical planes502 running the full height of the frame 500 and facing the wall 40.This may be conveniently seen in FIGS. 28b, 28 d and 28 e.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the door frame 500 may beconnected to end modules 30 defining each side of a door opening by ahook bracket assembly 520 as shown in FIGS. 24 to 26. The top of thedoor frame 500 is formed such as to allow any shorter first or secondmodules 10 or 20 above the door frame to sit flat inside the frame withthe top architraves restraining these modules from any horizontalmovement.

The door frame hook bracket assembly 520 may be of any kind, any shapeand size suitable for fitting to end module 30 provided that the doorframe sides are such that the door frame 500 can hook and fix to thewall 40 from one side. From the other side of the frame a further endmodule 30 must connect to the door frame 500. The hook bracket assembly520 is designed to meet the design strength criteria of the wall 40being constructed.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the hook bracket assembly 50may be made of flat metal plate of width and thickness to suit thedesign strength of the wall 40 and doorframe 500 and includes twointerlocking brackets: a first bracket 510; and a second bracket 515 asshown in FIG. 24, 25 and 26. The brackets 510 and 515 are designed tosuit the type, the size and the profile of the door frame 500 used. Forexample, a timber door frame could have a second bracket 515 ofdifferent shape and fixity than to a steel or aluminium door frame.

The first bracket 510, as shown in FIG. 25, is U-shaped with widthdesigned to fit the width of the longitudinal recess 36 provided in endmodule 30. The centre of the U-shaped first bracket 500 is provided witha slotted hole 530 to allow fixity to the end module 30 by means of keysand wedges 88 and 85 as earlier described. Other connection means couldbe employed and end modules 30 could be provided with the first brackets510 fixed in desired positions.

The legs 540, which may have rounded ends, of the U-shaped first bracket510 are provided with specially shaped slotted cuts 550 which act ashooks. These slotted cuts 550 cooperate and interlock with similarslotted cuts 517 of the second bracket 515 of the door frame hookbracket assembly 520. It is to be noted that the slotted cuts 517 and550 are wider at one end than another, this allows location to be mademore easily prior to engagement.

FIG. 26 show these slotted cuts 517 located symmetrically about thecentre line of second bracket 515. This desirable arrangement is notlimiting. Other locations could be used.

Second bracket 515 may be connected to the door frame 500 by suitablekeying or securement by cooperation between slots 522 formed in arms 512of second bracket 515 and rectangular slots 590 formed in the verticalplanes 502 running the height of the door frame 500 and facing wall 40as shown in FIGS. 28b, 28 d and 28 e. The second bracket 515 could alsobe fixed to the door frame 500 in the factory or it could be fixed onsite during construction.

Alternatively, if the door frame 500 is formed or pressed without thevertical planes 502, the second bracket 515 may be fixed, by welding orotherwise, to each side of the door frame 500 at the designedlocation(s).

It is preferred that a number, desirably three or four, such hookbracket assemblies 520 are used on each side of the door frame 500 inorder to secure it to the wall 40. The location of the first brackets510 on the end modules 30 must correspond with the locations of secondbrackets 515 along the side of the door frame 500 so that both, whenengaged, can appropriately hook together to make the connection asrequired.

Construction of the door proceeds as follows:

Step 1. At the door position along the wall 40, three first brackets 510are fixed to an end module 30 using keys 88 and wedges 85. The legs 540of first brackets 510 point sideways towards the door opening. The slots550 provided in the legs 540 of the first bracket 510 face upward.

The number of the hook bracket assemblies 520 required for each side ofany door frame 500 depends on the size and the height of the door. Onebracket assembly 520 is required at each end of the frame and one at themiddle of the frame. Also fixed to the door frame side 503, the sidewhich is to be fixed first to end module 30 of the erected wall, issecond bracket 515 having slots 517 facing downward.

Likewise, bracket assemblies 520 are fixed on the other side of the doorframe, that to be connected to end module 31. In this case, the assemblyis inverted. That is, second bracket 515 is connected to the door frameside 504 with slots 517 facing upward and first bracket 510 is connectedto end module 31 so that its slots 550 face downward.

Step 2. The door frame 500 is lifted slightly, so that second bracket515 on the door frame 500 just clears first bracket 510 on the endmodule 30. The door frame 500 is then allowed to gently drop verticallyuntil it rests on the floor. This will automatically interlock slots 550of first bracket 510 with slots 517 of second bracket 515 so that oneside of the door frame 500 is locked and securely fixed to the wall 40.

Step 3. A further end module 30 is stood up vertically with the recess316 of the web 313 facing the free standing door frame side. Three morefirst brackets 510 are fixed at the corresponding height as the secondbrackets 515 on the door frame side, but this time with the slotted hookcuts 550 of the first brackets 510 face downward. The slots 517 ofsecond brackets 515 face upward. Each of the brackets 510 and 515 isinverted in direction to that on the other side of the door frame 500.

Step 4. The further end module 30 is lifted and lined symmetricallyagainst the free standing side 504 of the door frame 500. The end module30 is allowed to gently drop vertically to the floor. This engages andallows the slots 550 of its first brackets 510 to interlock with theslots 517 of the second brackets 515 on the door frame 500 thus securelylocking and fixing the end module 30 to the door frame 500. From thereon the construction of the wall 40 may proceed in the above describedmanner. The construction of the shorter modules 10 or 20 which fit abovethe door may be commenced at any time as the construction of theseshorter units is independent of the construction of the remainder of thewall 40.

Assembly of a Window Frame

Now follows description of construction of a window in accordance with apreferred embodiment of the invention. A window 800 for use inaccordance with the method of the invention includes:

a) a structural window frame part 810, shown in FIG. 19 which iscompletely independent of the window 800 shown in FIG. 20. This framepart 810 connects and fixes directly to the modules and carries allexternal vertical and horizontal loads acting on the window 800. Thus,lintels above the windows may be avoided.

b) a window part 820, shown in FIGS. 19 and 20, which has a light metalframe containing the window sashes and the window fly screen. This partfits inside the structural window frame part 810 and is secured inposition from the outside by means of a clip-on metal beat 830 whichforms part of the external architraves of the window frame.

The window frame 810 could be made from metal such as aluminium, andsteel, timber or any other suitable material. It is connected to endmodules by hook bracket assemblies similar to the door frame hookbracket assemblies 520 described above the window frame 810 sides areprovided with second brackets 515. Alternatively, depending on thematerial and the cross section profile of the window frames 810, slots817 may be incorporated into the window frame sides 812 during themanufacturing process. Slots 817 suit slots 550 of first brackets 510. Asuitable window frame 810 for the latter will have a hollow rectangularsection.

These second brackets 580 or slots 817 allow the window frame 810 to befixed on one side to the end module 30; and, on inversion, on the otherside to end module 31 in the same manner as for the door frame 500described above. This allows secure fixing of the window frame 810 tothe wall 40 being built. The number of hook brackets required per windowdepends on window size.

Connection of Walls

In analogous manner to connection of door and window frames to the wall,internal walls or partitions may be connected to other walls orpartitions of the structure with hook bracket assemblies. Thus a firstwall or partition may be connected to a second wall or partition by hookbracket assemblies having cooperating portions connected to the firstwall or partition along a line of desired connection and along avertical length of one end of the second wall. or partition. Two orthree such hook bracket assemblies are generally suitable to connect onewall or partition to another.

The hook bracket 1520 used, as part of the assembly, is similar infunction to second hook bracket 515 described above and is shown in FIG.27. It comprises a flat plate bent to form a middle U-shaped section1519 with 25 two flanges 1518. Flanges 1518 are provided with apertures1530 to accommodate fasteners to secure the hook bracket 1520 to thewall along the line of connection of the wall. Slots 1517 are formed inthe U-shaped section 1519 having wider portions at top than at bottom toassist in location prior to securement. They are formed with portionsextending back to flange 1518 to accommodate legs 540 of first brackets510 which extend beyond slots 550 which are accommodated in slots 517 ofbracket 1520. The first brackets 510 are connected in correspondinglocations to brackets 1520 along the vertical length of the moduleforming the end of the second wall. Engagement of the slotted cuts 1517,550 of the first and second brackets connects the first and second wallstogether in the same manner described above for door frames and windowframes.

Construction of a Fence Wall

Fences are designed to resist specified lateral wind loads. This can beachieved either by anchoring them into the ground, by joining them tosome means which is anchored to the ground, that is, columns, which canresist lateral loads or by increasing their lateral stability by weightor by the use of piers at certain spacings along the length of the fencewall. In accordance with this aspect of the invention, lateral stabilityof the fence wall may be achieved by any of the above methods or anycombination of them.

As with above described aspects, first, second and end modules areemployed to construct a stable solid fence wall. The construction of astandard height fence wall 640(say up to 1.8 m high) involves basicallythe construction of single module or multi-module piers (as abovedescribed referring to FIGS. 17a and 17 b) depending on the wind designloads acting along the length of the fence wall. Such piers 680 could belocated on one face 640 a of the fence wall 640 or on both faces 640 aand 640 b, at equal spacings or alternating spacings on each face asshown in FIG. 19a.

At each pier center line position along the fence wall 640, the samewall is intersected by a pier bracket 384 connecting the intermediatepiers 680 to the face 640 a of the fence wall 640.

At the location of each intermediate pier 680,the fence wall 640comprises two end modules 660 arranged back to back between whichportion 643 of pier bracket 384 passes. Pier bracket 384 has portionscooperating with pier keys 689 used in connecting end modules 660; andtie rod 351 which is used to connect pier end modules 630. Suchcooperation allows positive joining of piers 680 to the wall 640. Thisis shown in FIG. 19a and more clearly in FIG. 20a.

Lateral stability of the wall 640 is achieved partly by embedding partof the length of all or some of the piers 680, or alternate piers 680,depending on the height of the fence wall 640, into the natural groundand partly by the mass or weight of the wall 640 and piers 680.

In certain instances, a column of steel, or any other suitable material,can be anchored into the ground by concrete footing along the length ofthe fence wall 640 at design spacings and the fence wall 640 joins andconnects to it. The higher the fence wall 640, the greater the lateralforces acting on it and the more piers are needed to be anchored intothe ground to resist these forces.

Standard fence walls generally start and end with piers 688 anchoredinto the natural ground and have further anchored piers 680 betweenthem.

A suitable footing 690 for the fence wall 640 is a first module 610 laidflat and level between the fence piers 680, in suitably prepared footingtrenches. The flange 611 faces upward and the web 612 downward so thatit can form a solid hard surface under the modules 610, 620 and 630forming the wall 640. This can be achieved since forces on the wall dueto settlement are practically non-existent.

Starting from one end 641 of the fence wall 640, a trench is dug andprepared in the ground to the lines and levels required. The depth ofthe trench could be any practical depth provided that the fence wall 640is allowed an embedment of not less than 100 mm below ground.

The length of the first modules 610 which are designated to be used asfooting modules 690 depends on the design spacing between piers 680. Itis advantageous to keep their length to a practical minimum bearing inmind the handling and the weight of the modules. The length of a footingmodule 690 preferably spans the pier to pier spacing. Thus, thevertically standing first module 610 at each end of the wall 640 cbetween the piers 680 centrelines, that is the first module 610 which isconnected by means of tie rod 650 a to the end module 660 to form ahanger for second module 620 has maximum support beneath it withoutinterfering with the embedment of the fence pier 680 modules as shown inFIGS. 19a and 20 a.

At a distance at least equal to the width of the pier 680 beingconstructed from the starting line, the first module 610 designated forthe footing 690 is laid at the lines and levels required. Web 612 facesdownward. Proper embedment in the natural ground is ensured and the soilaround it is compacted. This footing 690 can now act as a gauge fromwhich to measure the depth of embedment of the pier 680 modulesspecified for the particular height of the wall 640.

The fence wall 640 commences with the single module pier 680 shown inFIG. 20a which may be constructed in a manner similar to that describedfor FIG. 17 but note use of end modules 630 a and 630 b which arebrought into alignment with webs 633 a and 633 b spaced, rather thanback to back. These end modules 630 a and 630 b are located in a holeprepared for them. A further end module 30 is arranged back to back withend module 630 b. Keys 88 are inserted into end module 630 a holes 632 afacing in the direction of fence wall 640 at top and bottom. Keys 89facing against the direction of the wall, and having suitable length forthe job, are inserted at top and bottom through holes 32 and 632 b.

Tie rod 651 b is then inserted at the bottom between the two standingend modules 630 a and 630 b. Wedges 85 are anchored loosely at both endsof the tie rod 651 in key apertures 672 such that pier bracket 380 maybe inserted between the end modules 630 a and 630 b with slotted holes382 facing downward. Spaces 614 facilitate such insertion which takesplace by moving the pier bracket 380 downwardly relative to theextending webs 633 a and 633 b into required position. End modules 630 aand 630 b may be moved forward or backward to accommodate bracketlocation being only loosely connected at this time.

Slotted holes 382 of pier bracket 385 are engaged onto the tie rod 651and wedges 85 are driven in tightly to anchor the tie rod 651 to thekeys 88 and 89 such that pier bracket 380 is fully engaged with the tierod 651.

The operation is repeated at the top and, on completion, construction ofa single module pier 680 may be completed as described in respect ofFIG. 17 (noting that end modules here form the supporting structure atthis portion of the wall rather than first modules). Second modules 20are connected and these, the modules 630 a, 630 b and pier modules 630are embedded in the ground at a depth specified by the designer, say600mm below natural ground level (NGL).

From end module 30, construction of wall 640 continues in the mannerabove described up to the next pier location where an end module 660 isused to terminate the wall segment 695.

A further end module 660 is then arranged back to back with end module660, again located in a hole corresponding with the location of theintermediate pier 685, and pier keys 689 are inserted, at top and bottom(designated by “a” and “b” respectively in the drawings), between thetwo modules 660 with pier brackets 384 connected to the pier keys 689.Pier bracket 384 is shown in FIG. 22, and is similar to bracket 380 withthe exception that it has a channel section 386 only at one end for asingle-sided pier; it would have two channel sections 386 for a doublesided pier. Keys 689 extend through apertures 662 in end modules 660(recesses omitted); and also through slot 388 in plate section 390 ofpier bracket 384 making connection between pier brackets 384 and keys689.

Channel section 386 has width greater than the distance between pier tierod 685 guides (if any are provided) and its ends 387 are rounded. It isprovided with slots 389 on each side of the channel section 386 toengage with the tie rod 351 connecting the end modules forming thesupporting structure for second module 620 which completes the pier.This tie rod 351 is shorter in length than tie rod 50. Thus, this pierbracket 384 is positioned, with slots 389 facing upward, prior toconstruction of the pier 680, which occurs in the manner previouslydescribed. Embedment completes the job.

The construction of wall 640 and piers 680 from that point is as abovedescribed, for construction of a pier 370, except that the tie rod 351will be brought into engagement with slots 382 of pier bracket 385 fromabove and not below.

Construction of the fence wall 640 can be advantageously achieved whenworking from one end of the wall 640 to the other constructing the wall640 and pier 680 together as the construction progresses rather thanbuilding the wall first and the piers after.

Suitable capping 100 or 180 may be employed during construction or afterthe fence wall 640 is complete. Corners may be formed in a fence wall inthe manner as above described.

Modifications and Variations

Modifications and variations may be made to the invention as describedherein by those skilled in the art. Such modifications and variationsare within the scope of the present invention. For example, even thoughthe modules are described as having a plain concrete panel portion, thisportion could be fabricated as desired without modification of theinvention. For example, different shaped or different coloured modulescould be employed is accordance with the invention.

In yet another form of the invention the small rectangular holes 13, 32in the webs of first and end modules 10 and 30 and the large angledslotted cuts 26, 27 in the web 22 of second module 20 could be replacedby brackets or mouldings of any suitable material such as steel,aluminium, etc. These brackets or mouldings could be cast into orsurface mounted and fixed to the sides of the web or to the flange ofthe section and the connection means could be modified to suit them withor without the use of the keys and wedges which are part of theconnection means. The necessary positive vertical, longitudinal andhorizontal anchorage to the modified connection means connecting themodules together is still to be achieved. Moreover, the same brackets ormouldings could run the full length of the module(s) or could be ofshorter lengths located at designated locations along the length of theweb of the module(s).

Further, the tie rod could be modified at its ends to suit theconnection means provided for connection of first and end, end and endor first and first modules.

The claims defining the invention are as follows:
 1. A method ofconstruction of a wall from first, second and end modules each having aportion forming one part of the face of the wall including: aligning afirst or end module and one of: a first and an end module in a desiredalignment; connecting the two modules together with at least one firstconnection means, having a tie portion generally extending in thedirection of alignment, to form a supporting structure for at least onesecond module; and connecting a second module having a T-section with aflange portion and a vertically extending web portion to the supportingstructure by cooperation of a slotted connection portion of said secondmodule, with a corresponding rod which forms the tie portion of saidsupporting structure, to form at least a portion of the wall, whereinthe portion of the wall is held in tension.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein adjoining first, end or first and end modules are connectedtogether by a plurality of first connection means spaced along verticallengths of the adjoining modules providing a plurality of correspondingtie portions for engaging cooperation with plural slotted connectionportions of the second module allowing connection to the supportingstructure.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said first connection meansincludes guide means for locating said second modules in desired spacedrelation to the supporting structure.
 4. The method of claim 3 whereinsaid guide means form part of said tie portion and said correspondingtie portion has length substantially equal width of said second moduleweb.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second module has two beveledslots which, during construction, engage with rods forming twocorresponding tie portions of said first connection means for connectionof second modules to the supporting structure.
 6. The method of claim 1,wherein during and on connection of second modules to the supportingstructure, the vertically extending web portion extends between a guidemeans.
 7. The method claim 1, wherein the wall comprises an L-sectionend module defining an end to a wall, said end module being connected toa further first module by the first connection means.
 8. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the end module is provided with a second connectionmeans for connection to one side of a door frame or window frame.
 9. Themethod of claim 8 wherein said door or window frame includes, on anotherside, second connection means for connection to a further end module.10. The method of claim 8 wherein said second connection means is hookbracket assemblies.
 11. The method of claim 10, herein the hook bracketassemblies connect the other side of the frame to the further endmodule.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein a first wall is connected to asecond wall by hook bracket assemblies having first cooperating portionsconnected to the first wall along a line of desired connection; andsecond cooperating portions connected along a vertical length of one endof the second wall such that on cooperation, connection is made.
 13. Themethod of claim 1 wherein, at a corner, first modules are aligned at theangle of the comer and connected together by a third connection meansincluding a key or tie portion angled at the angle of the comer to forma supporting structure for second modules to complete the comer.
 14. Themethod of claim 1 wherein, at a corner, modules of adjoining supportingstructures are aligned at the angle of the comer and connected togetherby a third connection means including key or tie portions shaped to suitthe corner.
 15. The method of claim 1 wherein a capping member is usedat the top or bottom of a portion of the wall for further connection ofmodules comprising the wall portion and distribution of horizontal andvertical forces along the wall.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein saidcapping member is a castellated member provided with cleats forconnection to structural members supported on top of the wall.
 17. Themethod of claim 1 wherein said wall has at least one pier along itslength including at least two end modules or a first and an end modulebeing pier modules connected together by first connection means to forma supporting structure for a second module of the pier wherein saidsupporting structure is connected to the remainder of the wall by abracket having first means for engaging first connection meansconnecting two modules forming part of the remainder of the walltogether; and second means for engaging said first connection meansconnecting said at least two pier modules together such that onengagement of said first and second engagement means with said firstconnection means said pier is connected to said remainder of said wall.18. A structure including a wall constructed in accordance with claim 1.19. A structure as claimed in claim 18 being a fence.
 20. A kit for usein construction of a wall, comprising first, second and end modules;wherein the second modules have a T-section with a flange portion and avertically extending web portion provided with a slotted connectionportion, door frames, window frames, capping members and first, second,and third connection means.
 21. A wall, comprising first, second, andend modules, and a connection means for tying adjoining modules togetherin tension, wherein the connection means for tying adjoining modulestogether comprises a tie rod with longitudinally spaced lugs havingapertures for accommodating a wedge for anchoring said connection meansto a key.
 22. The wall of claim 21, wherein the first module comprises aweb and a flange forming part of a face of the wall, wherein said web isformed with rectangular holes for accommodating the connection meansconnecting the module with a further module to form a supportingstructure for second modules.
 23. The wall of claim 21, wherein the endmodule comprises a web and a flange, wherein said web is provided with arecess having rectangular holes for accommodating key means forconnection of said end module to a further module forming a supportstructure for second modules.
 24. The wall of claim 21, wherein theconnection means for tying adjoining modules together further comprisesa guide means spaced along said tie rod for locating a web of the secondmodule having a flange forming part of a face of the wall.
 25. The wallof claim 21 wherein said key is a metal plate formed with at least oneaperture to engage with the wedge for anchoring the connection means tosaid key for tying at least two modules together.
 26. The wall of claim21, wherein said wedge engages with an aperture of the key for anchoringsaid connection means to said key in tying at least two modulestogether.
 27. The wall of claim 23, further comprising a hook bracketassembly.
 28. The wall of claim 21, wherein the second module comprisesa web and a flange forming part of a face of the wall, wherein angledslots are formed in said web proximate ends of the module for engagementwith corresponding tie portions of the first connection means connectingtogether modules of a supporting structure.
 29. A method of constructinga structural column comprising: (a) assembling of modules having aflange and a web with connection portions being angled slots formedproximate the ends of said module webs wherein webs of two modules arealigned with slots facing downwards; (b) inserting cleats of aconnection means facing downwards into the slots at top and bottom ofthe webs to form a supporting structure comprised of said modules and aconnection bracket; and (c) engaging angled slots of two further modulesfacing upward with upward facing cleats of said connection means at topand bottom of said further modules to form the column, wherein thecolumn is held in tension.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein saidconnection means comprises a bracket having a body of rectangularsection, two opposed sides of said section connecting to cleats anglingupward from a horizontal medial axis of said section and the remainingtwo opposed sides of said section connecting to cleats angled downwardfrom said horizontal axis, said cleats engaging with said angled slotsof said modules to form the column.
 31. The method of claim 30, whereinsaid connection means is a structural member extending substantially thelength of said column wherein said column is formed with cleats facingupward to engage with angled slot connection portions of said modules;and wherein said column is connected to a footing.
 32. The method ofclaim 29, wherein the connection bracket comprises a body of rectangularsection, wherein two opposed sides of said body are connected to cleatsangling upward from a horizontal medial axis and the remaining twoopposed sides of said body are connected to cleats angling downward fromsaid horizontal medial axis, the cleats comprising plate portions forengaging angled slots of modules having a flange and a web, and formedin the web and upstanding walls defining two edges of said plateportions and provided to make engagement secure.
 33. A wall, comprisingfirst, second, and end modules, and a connection means for tyingadjoining modules together in tension, wherein the second modulecomprises a web and a flange forming part of a face of the wall, whereinangled slots are formed in said web proximate ends of the module forengagement with corresponding tie portions of the connection meansconnecting together modules of a supporting structure.